When “Comoners Were Made Slaves by the Magistrates”

How Saqaliba slaves were transferred to Andalusia in the Umayyad period

Slave bargain that was common in the West of Europe for a long time continued after the conquer of Andalusia by Muslims in the last decade of the first century A.H. Meanwhile, slaves from the northern regions of Spain, especially Slavic lands, entered the Andalusian markets. These slaves, known in medieval Islamic sources as Saqaliba, were often bought by Jewish merchants and transferred to And...

These feet were made for walking

New fossil footprints excavated at the famous Laetoli site in Tanzania suggest that our bipedal ancestors had a wide range of body sizes.

When All of the Oceans Were Frozen

Science is the most fun when it makes things simple. And it is at the best when we find a theory that makes many previously-unrelated observations fit together like a puzzle, and which then leads to new predictions and discoveries. During the midto late 1960s, Plate-Tectonics did this in grand style for most of the Earth sciences, allowing an entire host of observations from paleontology to pet...

When methane made climate.

Commentary of Covenant in the Holy Verse: When Allah Made (His) Covenant with the Prophets

Waiting for a savior and a better future has been known as a true and respectable idea of revealed religions. However, little considerable study has been performed on the real meaning of waiting as a Divine promise in the prophets and their followers` minds and lives. On the studies in the field, the problem of waiting as a continuous reality in the history of prophecy may be searched in the ve...